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The G6PD enzyme, also known as Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, is a cryptozoic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, also called the phospho gluconate pathway, and is essential to maintain the level of the co-enzyme NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) in red blood cells during metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is stimulated by NADP+. The ratio of NADP+ is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. This makes the cytosol a highly-reducing environment. An NADPH-utilizing pathway forms NADP+, which stimulates Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce more NADPH. This NADPH in turn helps to protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage by maintaining the level of glutathione in the enzyme cells.
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Another important thing is the production of NADPH for tissues energetically engaged on biosynthesis of fatty acids and isoprenoids, like liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue, and adrenal glands. The ratio of NADPH is usually 100:1 in the cytosol tissues engaged in biosyntheses. When biosyntheses for fatty acid uses more NADPH, then the G6PD enzyme stimulates more to produce NADPH, and the level of NADP+ increases considerably. This converts glucose-6-phosphte into 6-phosphogluconoloactone, and this enzyme limits the pentose phosphate pathway.
The G6PD enzyme is remarkable for its genetic diversity. Many variants of G6PD, mostly produced from mutations, have been described with wide ranging levels of enzyme activity and associated clinical symptoms. If there is any occurrence of genetic deficiency, this will cause hemolytic anemia. This condition is present in about 400 million people worldwide. It can be caused by a genetic defect on the X chromosome, and can also be developed through exposure to certain things like medications, foods, and infections.
If you have G6DP deficiency due to a sensitivity to beans, this is known as favism. G6PD deficiency is the most common enzyme defect in humans and it is asymmetric to the most of the individuals who have it. Babies who are born with it often have jaundice at birth. Fortunately, this condition is easily treatable in any case, and those who have it should have no long term problems with proper treatment.